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ECHO Nursing Facility Recommendations
January 2000
The 28-page ECHO Nursing Facility Recommendations was produced by a 22-member inter-organizational statewide task force formed in May 1997 to improve end-of-life care in California skilled nursing facilities. Known as the ECHO (Extreme Care, Humane Options) Long-Term Care Task Force, its members included the California Department of Health Services, the California Association of Health Facilities, the California Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, the California Board of Registered Nursing, and other healthcare professionals, long-term care representatives and consumer advocates. The California Coalition for Compassionate Care field-tested the Recommendations in 1999 prior to final revisions, then used them extensively in the year 2000 training program described above.

To view a PDF version of the Recommendations, click here (file size: 1.07 MB).
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Training Resources
The California Coalition for Compassionate Care used the following materials in the April 2000 and June 2001 training programs. Many of these documents are in PDF format. To view PDF files, you must have the Adobe Acrobat Reader. If you do not already have the Acrobat Reader installed, you may download it free from Adobe's Acrobat download page.
Introductory exercises
The End-of-Life Decision-Making Survey consists of 18 true-false questions about advance care planning and end-of-life care. The Survey Leader's Guide describes its use. Many of the questions are specific to California. Please contact Terry Hill at thillmd@pacbell.net if you are interested in modifying the survey for other areas.
The Choices and Values Exercise offers an engaging introduction to the complexities of end-of-life decision-making. See the
Choices and Values-Leader's Guide.
Changing practice:
Assessing your facility and making an action plan
Section II of the ECHO Nursing Facility Recommendations, "Recommended Outcomes and Strategies," describes improvement strategies available to SNF leadership teams, healthcare professionals, conservators, regulatory agencies, professional associations and academic institutions. Here we offer four tools specifically for SNF leadership teams:
Changing What Happens in Nursing Facilities
Getting Started
Assessing Your Facility's Policy and Practice of End-of-Life Care
Checklist Review Following an Expected Death
Improving practice requires understanding and changing the processes of care. Unless you are lucky enough to find a quick fix, you may need to answer a series of
process improvement questions which we have borrowed from quality improvement formats such as FOCUS-PDCA. For an example of flow-charting a process, see End-of-Life Decision-Making in SNFs: The Most Common Pathways for What Really Happens.
End-of-life decision-making, pain and symptom management
Please see Section III of the ECHO Nursing Facility Recommendations, "Advance Care Planning." Marlys Huez, JD, and Shirley Paine, JD, have prepared a Summary of Law on Medical Decision-Making specific to California.
We used two case studies as teaching tools in the training:
case study #1 and case study #2
The following PowerPoint presentations cover additional training topics:
What is Good End-of-Life Care? (Terry Hill)
Process Improvement (Terry Hill)
End-of-Life Decision-Making: Ethics and Communication (Terry Hill)
Pain Assessment and Management (Mary Cadogan, et al.)
Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
Hospice/Nursing Facility Interface (Wendy Stein)
Non-Pain Symptoms and Psychological Issues (Terry Hill)
The Last 48 Hours (Wendy Stein)
Care of the Soul at the End-of-Life (Marita Grudzen)
Hydration and Nutrition (Patty Pasquarella)
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